• By autor: William Eleroy Curtis
• History books
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“Who’s Who in Nicaragua’s Estrada Rebellion 1909-1910” describes the main individuals involved in the 1909-1910 political conflicts in the Central American nation of Nicaragua.The article’s author, William Eleroy Curtis (1850-1911) was an American journalist born in Ohio. He began his career worker for the “Leader” of Cleveland. He traveled extensively Latin America, Europe, the Middle East, and A...

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Publication Date: June 13, 2015
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1890s Nicaragua came under the rule of dictator José Santos Zelaya López (1853-1919). Zelaya opened up the country to foreign investment, but was also a dedicated nationalist, who sought to protect his country’s sovereignty.It was Zelaya’s regime that successfully negotiated with Great Britain for the transfer of Nicaragua’s Caribbean coast to the control of the Nicaraguan government. The country’s Caribbean coast, inhabited by indigenous Miskito people, had previously been a British protectorate.Nicaragua attracted American attention in the late 19th century because it was one of the areas where engineers considered building a canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. But Zelaya upset the United States by rejecting an American proposal to build a trans-oceanic canal through his country. After the Americans decided to build their canal in Panama instead, Zelaya further upset the Americans by negotiating with other nations to build a canal that could compete with the American-dominated Panama Canal.Zelaya’s independent-minded spirit convinced the Americans that he needed to be deposed. They backed a rebellion against him in 1909 by Jose Estrada, the governor of Bluefields on the Caribbean coast. The Americans landed Marines at Bluefields, protecting Estrada’s supporters from government troops.Curtis explains that the Estrada was once an ally of Zelaya, but the two men had a falling out that led to Estrada’s revolt. Estrada’s family had been poor, but Jose and his brothers had been elevated to high posts because of their ties to Zelaya’s family, who had been their patrons.By 1910, Zelaya, a member of the Liberal Party, had resigned and left the country. An exile and opponent of Zelaya, Jose Madriz, served as provisional president. Another former exile and Zelaya opponent, Francisco Baca, played a major role in Madriz’s government.The American author, Curtis, praises Madriz in this article, describing him as a ‘high-minded patriot’. But Madriz’s tenure as provisional president did not last long. He was soon replaced by a series of presidents from the Conservative Party, including Jose Estrada and his brother Juan.In 1912, Juan Jose Estrada was forced to resign. Soon afterwards, a revolt against his successor, Adolfo Diaz, was led by Luis Mena. Mena accused Diaz of selling the country out to the American business interests. Diaz was a member of the Conservative Party, and Mena’s rebellion was supported by members of the rival Liberal Party.The Americans sent their army in to defeat the rebels and support the government. It was during this conflict that American Marines successfully stormed a hilltop rebel stronghold. The Americans would intervene militarily in Nicaragua in the 1920s and 1930s.The Nicaragua intervention was part of a series of American interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean in the early 20th century, known as the “Banana Wars“. These conflicts began with the Spanish-American War around the end of the 19th century. Other American military interventions occurred in Cuba, Panama, Honduras, Mexico, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic during this era.